James I believed in divine right of kings
"Power of the Purse": Parliament refused to approve tax funds
Religious issue: church organization
Puritan model: Presbyterian (ministers and elders)
Anglican model: Episcopal/governing bishops appointed by Crown
Opposition to king: Puritan gentry (House of Commons)
Charles I (1625-49): Towards Revolution
Petition of Right signed but ignored (limited monarch's power)
Charles circumvented Parliament with ship money/fees
Return to Catholic Popery? (married French Catholic)
William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury): more ritual in Anglican Church
Common Prayer book imposed: Scottish rebellion/invasion of England
Charles forced to call (a vengeful) Parliament (taxes needed!)
Long Parliament: consent for ship money/Triennial Act
Charles I: ordered arrest of radical faction of Parliament
English Civil War (1642-49)
Cavaliers (royalists) vs. Roundheads (parliament)
New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell: Independents (battle for the Lord)
Parliamentary split: call for Charles I with Presbyterian state church
Charles fled to Scotland for help in civil war (Cromwell victory)
Rump Parliament: purge of Presbyterians in House of Commons
Charles I executed for treason (European monarchies took notice)
Oliver Cromwell: New Government
Republic/Commonwealth (1649-53): abolished monarchy & House of Lords
"Crushed" home opposition: Levellers (freedom of speech, religious toleration, voting rights, democratic republic)
Rump Parliament dispersed by force due to disagreements Cromwell became Lord Protector/divided England into military districts
Arbitrary military rule/levied 10% tax on Royalists
Restoration of the Monarchy: Charles II (1660-85)
Parliament retained powers/return of monarchy & House of Lords
Parliament restored Anglicanism as official church
(Puritan and Catholic conformity to Anglican Church)
Charles II: Declaration of Indulgence suspended Anglican law (suspicion!)
Parliament passed Test Act: only Anglicans could hold military/public office
Possibility of Catholic King James II:
Whigs (Protestant king & toleration); Tories (opposed succession interference)
James II (1685-88): violated Test Act with Catholic government appointments
Assumption: throne left to Protestant daughters (Mary & Anne)
Problem: Second Catholic wife of James II gave birth to son
Glorious Revolution
William of Orange invited to invade England: James II fled to France
Revolution Settlement: confirmed William & Mary as monarchs
(1689) Bill of Rights (established rule of law/constitutional monarchy)
Toleration Act of 1689: allowed Puritan dissenters free public worship Catholic excluded from law
(1690) Battle of Boyne: William defeated James II in Ireland
Results: end of divine right/Parliament's right to participate in government
