Charlemagne's Government:

• Nobility kept in service by receiving royal lands
• Counts: local representatives/Margraves: border districts
• Limited power: counts moved around/royal appointment system
• Missi Dominici/loyalty & fear kept empire together

Emperor Charlemagne?

• Frankish kingdom/papacy alliance (since Pepin)
• (800) Leo III restored/Charlemagne crowned Roman emperor
• Catholic Church cooperated with Charlemagne's policies
• Roman/Christian/Germanic elements=European civilization

Invasions: Muslims, Magyars and Vikings

• Muslims: raided Mediterranean regions/southern Europe
• Magyars: Moved into Eastern Europe/later converted to Christianity
• Vikings: Warrior society/expert shipbuilders & sailors
• Eventually assimilated into European civilization/"Christianized"
• Populations turned to local aristocrats for protection