Growth of Cities:

• Increased food production allowed people to buy food
• Merchants, craftspeople/artisans (urban repopulation)
  Burghers = bourgeoisie (middle class)
• Charters: liberties granted for tax revenue/payment
• Potential freedom for runaway serfs
• Communes: town associations often used force against lords

Industry in Medieval Cities:

• Guilds: organizations of merchants & artisans
• Craft guilds: supervised production/standards/prices/membership
• Apprentice-->Journeyman-->Master Craftsman
• Entrepreneurs used domestic system of production