Socioeconomic Upheaval:

Nobility & Peasants:
- Labor shortage resulted in higher wages
- Population decline: low demand for farm produce/falling prices
- English Parliament passed Statute of Laborers (1351):
Limited wages to pre-plague levels/forbade peasant mobility
- Increase in government taxation

Peasant Revolts:
- France: Angered by soldiers/mercenaries in 100 Years' War
Aristocratic contempt for peasantry: mutual massacres
- Peasants had high expectations due to new economic situation
Poll tax (flat charge) levied against adults
Peasant march on London/King Richard II "agreed" to demands

City revolts:
- Industrial/Commercial decline after Black Death
- Industrialists paid low wages/prevented worker organizations
- Revolts often won short-term gains/later revoked by ruling classes