19th Century Anti-Semitism

Racism:
- German Volk (nation, people, race)
- Houston Stewart Chamberlain: Germans successors of Aryans
Mission: save Western civilization from lower races
- Jews singled out by extreme nationalists (biological enemy)

Jewish Emancipation & Anti-Semitism: Austria & Germany
- Ideas of French Revolution/Enlightenment helped Jews
Many left ghettos and assimilated
- Karl Lueger: mixed anti-semitism with worker agitation
Jews blamed for corruption of German culture (incompatibility)
- Racial anti-Semitism: conversion to Christianity no longer adequate

Return to Palestine?
- Pogroms (organized massacres) common
- Russia: quotas for schools/regional segregation
- Zionism: influenced by nationalist movements for independence
- Theodor Herzl: establish a Jewish state