Scramble for Africa: Belgium & Britain

• King Leopold II: Congo Free State/cruel treatment of natives
• South Africa: Brits vs. Boers (Dutch settlers)
• Cecil Rhodes: found diamonds & gold/promoted expansion
• (1899-1902) Boer War: Union of South Africa created 1910
• (1882) Egypt occupied to secure Suez Canal

Germany ("leftovers") & Italy (failure)

• Bismarck disliked colonies (often expensive and useless)
• Colonial adventures helped elections
• Italy defeated at Battle of Adowa by Ethiopia
  Menelik II created a modern military force

African Response to Imperialism:

• Emergence of Western-educated African leaders:
  Resentment of foreigners (superior attitude)
  Few democratic institutions (liberal ideas did not apply to colonies)
  Little economic prosperity for native populations
  
• Middle class complaints: jobs/segregation/disrespect