Fascism in Italy:

• Anger over WWI territorial settlement
• Benito Mussolini: strong leadership/military & economic revival
• (1919) Fascist Party: popularity increased with worsening conditions
  Blackshirts: anti-Communist street violence/intimidation
• (1922) March on Rome: Mussolini appointed prime minister
  Outlawed other political parties/secret police & censorship of media

Hitler's Rise to Power in Germany:

• National Socialist German Workers' Party: Anti-Communist & anti-Versailles
  Brownshirts (SA): private militia that used terror & intimidation
• (1923) Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler arrested and tried for treason
• Mein Kampf: Hitler's beliefs & goals for Germany
  Aryans (master race) & wanted return of German lands
  Lebensraum: living space needed in eastern Europe
• (1929) Nazi revival due to Great Depression

Hitler Becomes Chancellor:

• (1932) Nazi Party largest in Germany/(1933) Hitler appointed Chancellor
• (1933) Boycott against Jewish businesses & occupational purges
• Reichstag fire: fear of Communists for upcoming election
  Enabling Act: gave Hitler dictatorial powers

Nazi Consolidation of Power:

• (1934) Night of the Long Knives: purge of the SA by SS
• Gestapo: secret police terror helped achieve obedience
• Economy: public works projects created employment (Autobahn)
• Hitler Youth & League of German Girls indoctrinated children
• (1935) Nuremberg Laws: stripped Jews of citizenship rights
• (1938) Kristallnacht: open state-sponsored violence