Devastation in Europe:

• 40 million deaths (mostly civilian)/great cities destroyed
• Much of Germany destroyed by Allied bombing campaigns
• Refugees moved throughout Europe searching for home/relatives
• Agriculture/transportatiion severely disrupted
  Famine in ravaged cities/winter brought misery

Postwar Governments & Politics:

• Prewar democracies returned/old dictatorships blamed for defeat
• Communist influence: some French & Italian partisans
  Anticommunist backlash reduced Communist Party membership

The Nuremberg Trials:

• War Crimes trials by International Military Tribunal
• Nazi leaders charged with "crimes against humanity"
• Defendants received jail terms and 11 sentenced to death by hanging