Renaissance European States
War of the Roses (1455-1485):
House of Lancaster vs. House of York
Many English aristocrats wiped out during civil war
Tudor dynasty established with Henry VII
Court of Star Chamber: controlled nobility
Avoided wars & Parliament
Holy Roman Empire/Habsburgs:
Dynastic marriage policy/territorial gains
International power feared by France
Maximilian I attempted centralization but failed
Spanish Unification:
Ferdinand of Aragon/Isabella of Castile (1469): dynastic union
Royal council filled with middle class lawyers
Reorganized military (professional army)
(1478) Spanish Inquisition/Jewish & Muslim expulsions
