· US waited 16 years to recognize Soviet Union
· WWII tension: nonaggression pact/delay in Western European invasion
· US kept atomic secrets from the Soviet Union
· Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe (used as a buffer zone)

Containment (Truman Doctrine):

· Block Soviet attempts to spread their influence in the world
· Create alliances and support weaker nations against the Soviet Union
· Cold War: hostility without direct warfare
· Superpowers tried to politically and economically influence nations

Marshall Plan (Sec. of State George Marshall):

· Provide aid to all European nations that needed it
· Condition: remove trade barriers and cooperate economically with others
· Czechoslovakia (1948): stable governments needed to resist Communism

Germany

· Western zones combined to create West Germany/Soviet fear of a unification
· Response: Soviet Union cut off West Berlin
· Berlin Airlift: 327 days around the clock/ blockade lifted in May 1949
· German Democratic Republic/East Germany created by Soviet Union

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

· An attack on one is an attack on all treaty members
· First US military alliance during peacetime
· End to US isolationism

Chapter 26-2: Civil War in China/Korea

• Nationalists (Chiang Kai-Shek) vs. Communists (Mao Zedong)
• US supported Nationalists / $2 billion in military aid
• Peasant support for Communists
• Nationalists fled to Taiwan
• US Reaction: Failure of Containment policy / Communist paranoia

Korean War (1950-1953)

• 38th Parallel divided Soviet North and US South
• North invaded South 1950
• Truman ordered naval and air support to South
• UN Security Council resolution
• Soviet absence due to boycott of UN
• UN/South Korean forces under MacArthur

United States in the Korean War

• UN forces backed into Pusan Perimeter
• MacArthur's landing at Inchon (high risk)
• North Korean forces thrown back
• Reunification of Korea pursued (Potsdam)
• Chinese warning issued to forces approaching Yalu River
• 300,000 Chinese pushed UN forces back past 38th Parallel

General MacArthur in Korea

• Called for war against China
  -- Blockade of Chinese coast
  -- Use of atomic bombs
  -- Use Chiang Kai-Shek's troops to invade Southern China
  
• Truman: attack on China could start World War III
• US advanced against China (moved front line back to 38th Parallel
• MacArthur frustrated with concept of "limited war"
• Commander-in-Chief conflict: MacArthur relieved of command (1951)

Stalemate & Effects

• Soviet Union suggested cease-fire
• Agreement on cease-fire line and demilitarized zone
• Prisoner exchange negotiations
• July 1953: Armistice ends war
• Results:
  -- Communism contained
  -- Korea still two nations
  -- Eisenhower elected in 1952
  -- Increased fear in Communist aggression
  -- US hunt for spies and sympathizers

Chapter 26-3: The Cold War at Home

Fear of Communist Influence

• Soviet domination of Eastern Europe/Communist China
• Fear of Communist American loyalty to Soviet Union
• Spies gave Soviet Union information about the atomic bomb
• Loyalty Review Board
  -- vague definitions of disloyal
  -- resignations over violation of constitutional rights
  -- individuals not allowed to see evidence or know the accuser
  
  
  

• House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
  --investigated movie industry (many left wing filmakers)
  -- portrayed Soviet Union positively due to wartime alliance
  -- HUAC targeted subversives spreading Soviet Propaganda
  -- Hollywood Ten refused to cooperate and sent to prison
  -- blacklist made by Hollywood executives
  -- McCarran Act: Unlawful to plan any action to establish a totalitarian government (Truman vetoed bill; Congress overrode veto)

Spy Cases Stun the Nation

• Accused of passing government document to Communist spy, Whittaker Chambers
• Hiss charged with purgery (guilt pursued by Richard Nixon)

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

• Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb in 1949 (ahead of schedule)
• British physicist Klaus Fuchs passed secrets about the bomb
• Rosenbergs implicated with Fuchs (members of the American Communist Party)
• Sentenced to death on fairly weak evidence and testimony

McCarthy "Witch Hunts"

• Ineffective senator needed an issue to win re-election
• Claimed to have up to 205 names of Communists in the State Department
• Never produced one name
• Made accusations in the Senate only (protected from slander suits)
• Downfall: Accused US Army, bullied people on national television
• Senate condemned him for improper conduct

Chapter 26-4: Living on the Nuclear Edge

Brinksmanship Policy:

• Race for the Hydrogen (thermonuclear) bomb
• Secretary of State John Foster Dulles very anti-Communist
• Brinksmanship: promise to use all of a nation's force on aggressor
• Both sides engaged in massive nuclear buildups

Covert Actions in Middle East and Latin America

• CIA covert action as a response to Soviet secret operations
• (1951) Iran Prime Minister Mossadegh overthrown
• (1954) Guatemalan leader Guzman overthrown by CIA-trained army

Geneva Summit:

• Soviet recognition of West Germany
• Peace treaties with Japan and Austria
• West Germany rearmed and joined NATO
• Soviet response: Formation of Warsaw Pact
• Eisenhower's "open skies" proposal: flyovers permitted to prevent war
• No substantive agreement but spirit of summit seemed positive

Middle East Crisis

• US/USSR agreed on establishment of Israel in 1948
• US/UK helped Egypt finance Aswan Dam on Nile River
• Nasser strengthened ties with USSR (US/UK widthdrew assistance)
• Nasser seized Suez Canal in Egypt (owned by UK and France) 1955
• UK/France/Israel invaded Egypt in 1956
• Soviet threat of missile use / US would not tolerate such action
• Settlement: UN-imposed cease-fire / Suez Canal under Egyptian control

Soviet Aggression in Hungary:

• Nikita Krushchev criticized Stalin publicly (message to Eastern Europe?)
• 1956: Hungarian students and workers try to force repressive leaders out
• Reform leader Imre Nagy became premier of Hungary / Soviet army left
• Demands for civil liberties and right to leave Warsaw Pact
• Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary and killed 30,000 protesters
• US financial aid to Hungary and more immigrants allowed

Eisenhower Doctrine

• United States would defend the Middle East against Communism
• President had authority to use military forces in Middle East

Cold War in the Skies

• US: Guided rockets that could travel 1,500-3,000 miles (1957)
• USSR developed Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
• Superior US military technology?

The Space Race: Sputnik

• Satellite launched into orbit with ICBM
• Made Americans feel vulnerable to nuclear attack
• Lagging in science and technology
• Schools concentrated more on science, math and foreign languages
• "Flopnik/Stayputnik" failure
• Successful launch of American satellite in 1958

U2 Problems

• CIA began spy flights over USSR
• Summit scheduled between Eisenhower and Krushchev in 1960
• U2 shot down (Pilot: Francis Gary Powers)
• Powers captured alive and confessed to flight
• Summit used to denounce United States
• Tension and suspicion started the 1960s